The first two lectures were on the beginnings of microbiology. The third lecture was related to the concepts and changes that took place in the knowledge of prevention, transmission and treatment of diseases. At length, the history of microbiology can be divided into three ages. The classical Golden Age, the second Golden Age, and the third, Golden Age also known as the modern age. microbiology blossoms during what is called the classical Golden Age, which lasted for 60 years from 1854 until the advent of World War One in 1914. During this period, scientists were in search of answers in the field of microbiology.

They had questions such as the one we discussed extensively Do microbes generate spontaneously? They also wanted to know what is the cause of diseases? How can infection and disease be prevented? These questions open new fields of science such as immunology, epidemiology and chemotherapy. 30 years later, the 1940s ushered in molecular genetics, the field of biology that studies the structure and function of genes. Biologists were interested in knowing how genes were regulated.

It was also the time of mass production of antibiotics. This period lasted from 1943 until 1970 and is known as the second golden age of microbiology. Towards the end of the 20th century, there were several advances in by Technology, micro organisms were now being manipulated genetically and used as tiny factories to make human proteins. New micro organisms that were never seen before are being identified such as HIV, and SARS viruses. All this is part of the third golden age of microbiology, in which we now live. In this modern age, resistance to antibiotic has been a challenging problem to the medical and scientific community.

Next, we will look at each of these ages in detail. Now let's focus our attention on the classical golden age of microbiology. During this golden age, several scientists contributed towards the advancement of microbiology Two of the scientists who contributed significantly towards key concepts were Lewis Buster who proposed the germ theory. And Robert Kok, who proved the same and formulated several criteria to establish the germ theory known as postulates. Some scientists contributed to the field of biology, which is the study of viruses. Those were Dimitri even oski.

Martinez, way, Jerry and Sergey, we know Gretzky as mentioned in a previous lecture, in 1854, Lewis pasture became a professor of chemistry in the University of Lilly in France. At that time, the general notion about fermentation was that it was the chemical breakdown of grape juice. No living organisms were involved, and therefore fermentation was considered to have occurred by spontaneous generation. However, Lewis pasture observed that when he mixed yeast with sugar water, there was growth in the size of his cells, as well as an increase in the number of yeast cells. Therefore, he concluded that it was the yeast cells that were fermenting the grape juice to produce alcohol. Ester also invented a control heating technique to overcome wind soldering.

A local problem of wine souring was occurring in France. In fact, an industrialist asked pastor if he would know what was causing the problem. First observed that only soured wines contained bacterial cells. He concluded that the bacteria must have contaminated the yeast cells. The result of that fermentation of the grape juice by the bacteria was the production of acid, which then sour the wine. To solve the problem faster find out that if he hated the wine below the boiling point, such as at 55 degrees Celsius, it would kill the bacteria and other microorganisms while preserving the wine during the aging process.

This control heating technique is being used nowadays. For milk as well, and it's known as pasteurization. yeasts and bacteria are therefore living factories, so to speak, where important chemical reactions take place. In 50 1857, I'm sorry, Louis pastor published a short paper, where he explained the soaring of wind by bacterial cells. What's more, he mentioned that germs such as bacteria might be related to human illnesses. Five years later, after he disproved the theory of spontaneous generation, he formulated the germ theory of disease.

This theory states that many diseases are caused by microorganisms apart from his contribution for fermentation and pasteurization, pastor's lab worked on several diseases and on principles of vaccination. In 1865, a disease known as pet briny, was killing a great number of silkworms. plaster worked several years to show that the disease is caused by a microbe that attacked the silkworms in the egg stage. Thus, eliminating the microbe would eliminate the disease. In 1881, he and his coworker Charles Chamberlain, discovered the process of attenuation. attenuation is the process to add weaken or reduce the number of bacteria by using several means such as heating, different growth conditions, successive inoculations in animals and methods of damaging bacterial cells.

This sought to weaken the bacteria that causes chicken cholera. They give this attenuated strain of bacteria to the chicken, followed by a lethal dose of the pathogen. The animals did not develop cholera. attenuation is the basis of the principle behind vaccine development. His lab showed that the anthrax bustelo were filterable that is when passed through a filter, only the clear liquid from the broad void of bacteria pass through that liquid was not able to cause rabies. Are anthrax the anthrax best ally were there for crap in the filter.

In 1885, he successfully immunized a young boy against the rabies virus. In 1887, the pastor Institute was founded in Paris. A famous quote by Pastor is the following chance only favors the mind that is prepared