Hi, let's look at the history of microbiology in a nutshell. How were microorganisms identified for the first time? Who is the father of microbiology? What is the germ theory? These are just a few of the questions that this introductory part of the course in basics of medical microbiology will aim to answer. Interestingly, the history of microbiology does not begin with scientists, but actually begins with lenscrafters and clock merchants and their lenses.

One such lens crafter was a Dutch gentleman named Zachary is Jensen. As a way to become competitive in this trade, Jensen began seeking for better ways to make lenses which then led to his invention of the first compound microscope. According to the records, at the time of his invention, Jensen was probably only 15 years old. Jensen is said to have used the help of his father who taught him to trade. The eyepiece lens. He designed was made of two convex lenses, as shown here.

And the Jenson microscope was a sliding tube assembly. Capable of magnifying images up to nine times. In 1609, Galileo Galileo developed a compound microscope by using a concave and a convex lens. His microscope was more advanced than that of Jensen in this barrel model Focusing was achieved by twisting the barrel to move either closer or farther to the specimen. He called his microscope as Akio Lino, meaning small eye. He further described it as the small glass was spying things up close.

However, in 1625, it was Giovanni Farber, a German Doctor Who gave the instrument its current name as microscope your microscope. Now, the first account of microscopic observations were actually published in the same year by an Italian named Francisco soluti, in which he described the anatomy of a V this For the 18 hundred's scientists were named as naturalists Robert Hooke was an English naturalist who became a curator of experiments of the Royal Society of London in 1662. As a curator, he was responsible for demonstrating new experiments at the society's weekly meetings. He used a microscope that would magnify a specimen 25 times to study many of the small living organisms including insects. He described the details of his microscope and drew the anatomy of the instance, he observed. On one occasion, he took 10 shavings of coke and placed them under the microscope.

Then he observed several little boxes that he called a cellar from which we derive the world cell which is shown over here in the middle. He also drew the structure of a fungal mold as shown here. In 1665, the ryan society published his work known as micro graffia, which revolutionized scientific investigation. Robert Hooke is known as the father of science. Anton van leeuwenhoek, a contemporary of Robert Hooke was a Dutch cloth merchant who wanted to use lenses to inspect the quality of clothes. Although not much educated, after seeing hooks micro graffia publication, Lewin hook became scale that grinding glass pieces into fine lenses.

He plays A single converging lens between two brass pieces riveted together. As seen here. With this single lens, un Hookes microscope could amplify objects more than 200 times. Since his curiosity of the microbial world increased, he took a sample of cloudy water from a marshy Lake similar to the one shown here, and placed it under his microscope. He then described hundreds of what he thought were tiny animals that he named as animal skills. These animal skills were probably protozoa and all gay.

He regarded these observations and sent several letters to the Royal Society of London In 1676, his notes included the first description of bacteria. Anton Van leeuwenhoek is considered the father of microbiology. Now the belief that certain living things can arise suddenly from nonliving things without the need of a living progenitor to give life give them life dates back to the time of Greek philosopher Aristotle in the fourth century BC. In fact, Aristotle believed in the theory of our biogenesis. A biogenesis is the basis of the notion that there is a spontaneous generation of living matter from nonliving matter. The typical thinking among both naturalists and lay people in those days was that fleas could arise from dust or that maggots could arise from me that was purifying, or decaying.

A biogenesis became the predominant thinking among naturalists until it was dispelled in the 19th century. These nationalists were known as vitalist, since they thought that life depended on some mysterious vital force that pervaded all organisms. Some of the misconceptions that were associated with spontaneous generation were miasma. A contagious power that had independent life of its own Noma a vital force have heat that emanated from nonliving things to the living and malaria meaning bad air that could cause disease. These concepts remained unquestioned until the 1600s when the beginning of scientific experiments to place. Before we continue, let's see this diagram of the lifecycle of a flight.

Adult flies lay eggs. Within a day, the larva emerged from the eggs. These larva are called maggots. These maggots eat for several days to a week, storing enough energy for molting and becoming a pooper. Then, in 10 to 20 days a fly emerges from the inside the covering off the pooper Now, one concept of vitalism was that decomposing wheat grains generated warm like maggots. Even hook observed the decomposing grains with his microscope and could see some eggs laid in the grain.

He then suggested that the maggots were originating from the eggs and not the grain itself. Since these conclusions were divergent, further investigations were required in the form of experimentation. This debate over the origin of life elicited a scientific tug of war, if you will, between different naturalist that either supported or refuted vitalism It all started with Francisco already challenging the theory of spontaneous generation. Then john needed reinforcing it, followed by Lazarus Palin Zani challenging it again. However, some questions still remain unanswered until the famous French scientists Louise pastor put an end to the debate. Let's see how all that happened in the next lecture.