Okay, thank you for attending my next course, understanding voltage, current and resistance. I can answer questions via You can also give me a call at 781-202-4396. Again, I do not respond to block numbers. If I'm not available, leave a message I will call you back. I will try to limit the conversation to 15 minutes and the question at hand. I may ask you to continue the support through email.

If it's if it's a large enough problem that we can straighten it out real quick. Or maybe I may ask you to go out and research something and get back to me. However, we will help you out and we will try to straighten out and make sure that you understand the material as We stated earlier voltage is the electrical pressure that can set free electrons into motion. There are two types of voltages of voltage, DC, direct current and AC, alternating current. Okay on the following slides that are coming up, I want to introduce the concept of ground. Okay.

A reason for this is when we measure voltage in a electronic circuit, we measure the electric gold point with respect to ground. Also, I want to introduce batteries in series ating series of posing configurations and hybrid and those are coming up in the following slides. So, let's take a look here. All right. This is the point Here's where I'm showing you batteries in series ating series of posing and in what I call hybrid of combinations. Now we know that this is the positive terminal of the battery.

And these are series ating. Because even though we don't show it, we have a minus and plus. So in series ating, they add. So if this was six volts and this was 12 volts, then my total would be six plus 12 is 18. bolts. Put the bolts Yeah, all right. Now series opposing, alright, because if you look over here we have plus and minus, over here we have two minus terminals.

So they're opposing each other. So the battery subtracts. So let's let's use the same Let's use the same formula. Let's make this 112 volts. And let's make this one six volts. All right, and when we subtract 12 volts minus six volts equals six volts.

They subtract. All right, so we have series aiding, they add series opposing, they subtract. And then if I've got a combination where if you look up here, all right that series ating. But the this and this one down here is series of posing. So what are we going to have? Well, let's give these some values.

Let's give this up. 12 volts, six volts, six volts. Let's do that. All right. So what do we got here and let me clean the slide off. Let me get ready.

Have a whoops. 12 volts, six volts, six volts. Okay, so let me go over here. So basically what what do I have? Well these two add. So 12 volts plus six volts equal 18 volts.

And what happens? These two subtract. So I can just take the sum of these and subtract six volts. So I've got 18 volts, I mean 18 volts, minus six volts equals 12 volts. The other way I could have done it, I could have made one formula. And let me Let's do that one.

Let me clean clear the slide. And so we got six faults. I'm sorry. 12 volts up there, six volts here and a minus six volts. So if we come down this way and take the polarity it'll work out so the first one is 12 volts, but it's plus then I added up so I'm going to plus six volts right here and then I'm going to add a minus six volts. So a plus 12 volts plus a plus six volts is 18 volts plus a minus six volts is 12 volts.

So therefore, depending if this series ating or series opposing, the voltages will either aid add, oppose, subtract Okay, now I'm going to introduce my ground reference, which I mentioned a couple of slides ago. And I've got my little volt meter here, right there it says meter. And I take my black meter lead mic and bring it to ground because that's my reference. Remember, I said ground reference some ground is my reference. I'm going to abbreviate reference right there. Let's give these batteries some value.

Let's give this well let's stick with 12 volts, and six volts. So what's my battery meter going to read? Well, it's going to read the sum because we're in series ating. But if I with this here now, if I start here and make one complete Circle complete circle and go to the same place, I can add up my voltages. So for instance, let's start here, going down here, plus 12 volts. Going to this battery, it's a plus six volts.

Make one complete circle, like I'm showing you right here. So or complete path. So what do I have? I've got 12 volts plus six volts and that is 18 volts DC. All right, so when I place my meter across there, I'm going to read 18 volts DC. Okay, on this slide here, we moved that ground right here and Let's, let's, let's give some voltages to the batteries again, let's make this 12 volts again and six volts again.

And again we start from my reference and go around. So what do we have? Well, ground is zero, so we go from zero back down this way through a plus 12. So what is my meter gonna read my meter is gonna read a plus 12 volts DC because the battery is direct current. Okay, looking at at this slide, we kept our ground reference in the same place, but we moved our red meter lead here. Alright, so again, we've got 12 volts, six volts here.

And again, we go From our reference through the meter and make one complete revolution, so ground zero through the meter, we get a plus six volts. So therefore, I'm going to read a, what's displayed on my meter is a plus six volts DC. Okay, on this slide here, you'll notice that the batteries are series opposing. Alright, right there. And we got our ground reference here. Okay.

And let me just put the negative sign there. All right, let's give this top battery again 12 volts, and let's give the bottom one six volts. Okay, we start from ground ground reference and make one complete circle of one complete level. illusion. So we go through a batter through a meter and we hit a lost 12 volts down through the battery, and we hit a minus six volts plus 12 volts minus six volts. He calls a plus six volts.

And what what does a battery provide the battery provides direct current. So my meter is going to display you're going to read six volts DC Okay, on this slide here, we've got three batteries and and I call them combination you'll notice that these two down here are opposing And up here, we're ating, those two batteries, aerating. And my ground references right there. Where is my meter lead my meter lead is down my red meter leaders down there. All right, so let's give some Let me clear the slide off here. And I'm going to give some voltages now to the batteries.

Let's make this 18 volts DC. Let's make this 12 volts DC. And let's make this one six volts, DC. All right, again, we start where we start at our reference point. We go through the meter and make one complete revolution. So we know ground zero through the meter, up through the plate.

Plus, what do I have? I've got a plus six volts DC. And I've got a minus what? A minus a minus 12 volts DC. So basically, a plus six volts, minus 12 volts is a minus six volts DC. That's what will be displayed on my meter.

Okay, on this one here, we've got some problems I'd like you to solve. So you're probably going to need to hit the pause button and go through these. And I really would like you to try them on your own. The answers are on the next slide, but give it a shot. I'd like you to understand this. Okay, I really would.

This is kind of important. So please take the time to understand this. So what we're looking for is VA to ground on VB to ground Vcc to ground and both figures one and two is for you. One is for you to VA VB VC, and again VA VB VC and and the battery voltages are right there. So please do it. If you'll notice the difference between figures one and two is the positions of the grounds.

So see what you get. All right, hit the pause button, please do them. Okay, here are the answers. I'm looking at figure one. VA is plus 21 volts. Vb is plus 12 volts and VC is plus six volts.

All right, figure two. VA is plus 15 volts. Vb is plus six volts, and VC is zero volts. Okay, that ends that. If you didn't get that, if you needed additional clarification, you can contact me through Udemy. Or you can give me a call.

I know I've got my number up there and my number will be will be up there again at the end of this course. So let's move on.