This course is entitled protection and control it will cover the basic understanding of protection systems in a high voltage generation transmission and distribution system, as well as some of the control features that are in place to work with the protection scheme such as the breakers and and their control systems. More specifically, it will deal with fuses and fuse coordination, instantaneous and timed overcurrent protection, it'll delve into differential protection and it will also look at impedance or distance relating protection along with the permissive overreach and transfer trip functions. Of course, there With a description of the various elements of a substation from where the power lines and the sources of power enter into a station to where they leave the station at the various voltage levels and all of the various pieces of equipment, broadly speaking, that are contained in between the entrance and the exit of the power station configurations are looked at, including the advantages of the duplicity involved in the makeup of these stations, where you'd have to Transformers to buses and to entries entrances for power and the consequences of having to finance those large larger stations.

And the advantages and disadvantages are discussed the elements of the future Protective Relay scheme are looked at and where they fit into the to the overall plan of protection of a station or a system. And that would include everything from the sensing, current transformers and potential Transformers to the action relays themselves and even some of the remote tripping and transfer tripping that goes on to protect the various components of a power system. The these elements are then disk described as protecting various parts of the system in the way of zone protection and zone protection is discussed with his overlapping capabilities and the requirements and what happens when you have the various zones of protection and how they are interrelated. The various types of Electrical faults that occur could occur on a system are looked at face to ground short circuits, face to face short circuits, phase two phase two ground short circuits, the three phase short circuits and high resistance face to Ground Type false as well as open circuit type false.

There are implications and and how the system generally are protected and what are the consequences of being able to protect for all of these types of electrical fault. The IEEE electrical device numbering scheme is discussed and a location of where to we'll find the various details of those numbering systems on the internet as well as various examples are demonstrated as here as to how these electrical device numbering schemes are are used on electrical drawings. instrument transformers are looked at in this course, the two types are described described in in detail the current transformer and the potential transformer the various voltage levels that they have to be used at what their configurations are their ratios as well as their polarities and how they are identified and used in a protection scheme. The configuration connections and cooling of a three phase transformer banks are looked at in this course.

Three phase transformers are then discussed and we go from looking at them as three individual single phase Transformers that are made into a three phase unit by virtue of their connections. And by virtue of the excitation voltages that are applied to these three single phase transformer as a three phase unit. These three phase transformer banks are then further looked at from the perspective of their connections, whether they're connected in star or delta and the primary versus the secondary star delta delta star connection, what is considered a primary side of the transformer in the secondary side of the transformer. This subject of course, can be very extensive and we don't go into extensive detail in this course on the subject matter. However, there is another course that's going to be shortly added to the PSP t Academy. That will involve transformers and their connections and their protection and that will be out shortly.

It will also touch on the way a transformer cooling apparatus is set up and it will introduce the four letter designation that I triple E have for describing the mechanical cooling of power transformers. Also the fusing of a system is looked at in the three most popular type high voltage fuse systems are looked at and described. Along with the introduction of the time current curve and how it's used for the coordination of a protection system. Three various types of high voltage fuses are looked at starting with gaseous discharge bushing fuse, the liquid fuse and the current limiting fuse and how it how it indicates that it's blown and how to identify it online breakers are looked at from a protection perspective here, the four most popular types of breakers are examined. Do l breaker, the vacuum breaker, the air blast breaker and the SF six breaker there are pros and cons and how they operate and what voltage levels etc.

They are used at and there are advantages and disadvantages. breaker control circuits are looked at briefly here in this course, including the closing circuit the tripping circuit, the fact that there are chip free functions built into the control circuit as well as anti pump And the reliability of various breakers are looked at here as well. The next level up to fuse protection is the instantaneous and timed overcurrent protection which is examined in the discourse as well. It's usually used in feeder protection and the various schemes are quickly examined during this course. The instantaneous and timed overcurrent protection fieri is quite independent of the various mechanics of the relays that are built to provide that protection. However, we do look at a comparison of the old school relays, such as the General Electric IEC type relay, which is still in the system today and probably a lot more than the modern relays that are in the system although the modern IED or intelligent electrical device relay is slowly displacing these old school relays with a whole lot more functionality.

But both relays are are looked at quickly here just to do a comparison and let everybody know what's, what's out there and how instantaneous and timed overcurrent protection is provided by these relays. also examined is the couple of examples of how or overcurrent protection is provided in the system for radial as well as parallel feeders. Probably one of the most significant and important types of relaying out there is the differential relay and differential relay, of course is used on various pieces of equipment everything from a chunk of wire bus, to the differential protection of a train Former the the actual theory behind High High Voltage differential protection is examined here. The theory behind it is looked at as well as some of the pros and cons and some of the difficulties you could run into. For example, the fact that we are not dealing hundred percent with ideal Transformers in the real world we are dealing with transformers, CTS and pts that have limitations in them, because they have basically cast steel sheets steel or cast iron in their core which introduce a thing called saturation, which limits the effectiveness of differential relay and that is examined in this course as well and some of the corrections for this section.

Process when examining line protection, especially long distance lines, high voltage lines, the impedance or distance really is, is used a lot. And it's theory is examined here along with its various zones of protection and its characteristics and how that characteristic is developed in, in the relay. The permissive overreach transfer trip as well as directional comparison, relay is examined here. This is just a slide from part of the discussion in that process. They both will be looked at during this course. And again, distance really as well as impedance really is, at least a theory is independent of the hardware that's out there.

There is a lot of old school relays such as as Katie for related that are out there and still in operation. So we take a quick look at the the KT relay as providing the impedance or distance protection for ally. And its compared to one of the more modern relays that are out there, which this one just happens to be the G d 16 multiline line distance protection system, which again is an IED relay that provides a whole lot more than just the distance protection, but a quick look at that the relay is also done during this course. So that briefly is what the course is all about. I encourage you to have a look at it. As I said during the introduction here, there are going to be subsequent courses available that will delve in more detail into some of the things like transformer protection.

They will be available in the near future on this site.