Okay, I just wanted to show you this analog meter here. And this is this was my and I, I used it up a lot. As you can see it's pretty beat up. But let me turn this off. And if you'll notice, we've got DC voltage scales right here. All right.

And this really means like similar to what it means on a digital voltmeter full scale. So this would be 10 volts full scale 52.5, and so forth to 50 1000. And what we would do is we would select the scale that we wanted now, if you can see this, it says DC, VA, and it's pointing to the black scale. Or the black numbering. So all the black numbering would be for my DC voltage or current. So I'm on DC voltage, I'm on the 10 volts scale, I would find the, the scale and it's 10 volts full scale.

And if you look, it would be this one here. So and this would correspond to this opera scale here, where for instance, if I see two, this line would represent two, this line would represent for this line would represent six, this line would represent eight and this line would represent 10. You'll also notice that there's a mirror on here that was a marriage scale. Why they put a marriage scale is because when you looked at the meter, you wanted to look directly onto it. And if they gave you a marriage scale, you wouldn't see a reflection. The pointer if you look directly on you wouldn't see a reflection.

So you you will you know that you were looking directly on it. So that was, that was the reason. And they were very, very popular. I'm going to turn it back on now. And there we go. And if you look, we're reading five volts because we're using this scale here 02246 or right in the middle, so that's five volts.

So I'm reading five volts with that meter. All right, well, these meters were very popular. They started changing in the late 80s, early 90s, where we started getting into digital volt meters and and right now Digital voltmeter I should say a digital multimeter is really the way to go. It's it's easy to read, you know, it's just just the way it is. It's just that back then we didn't have the, the ability to, to build, build a small low cost meter like that, but really good. And that's my suggestion.

With that said, We're going we finished up here on DC voltage mints. The next section is going to be measuring DC currents. And we'll see you over there. And then we'll have one more section here on what I call awesome lab one. Probably I think at this point, we'll measure do some resistance measurements. And that'll end this up and then on awesome lab two.

We'll pick up AC voltage, AC current measurements. We'll do some red boarding. And if you remember at the very beginning, when we talked about meter specifications, I said, Hold that thought about the input impedance of this digital multimeter. Well, we're gonna we'll see that in awesome lab too. Why? And I think you'll be a little bit amazed on that.

So with that said, this is Al and we'll see in the next section, take care. All right, I, before we go on, I know, I said we'd we'd move on here. But before we do that, I think I want to add a little bit more on to analog meters. I was thinking about that when I showed you my Yup, analog meter, and I said, you know, maybe I should add a little bit more in there. Just to kind of like close it up or just make sure you guys feel somewhat good about it. I don't want to spend too long.

A lot of time on analog meters, I'm assuming that 99.9% of you will go out and get a dBm digital volt meter. But let's, let's expand upon this a little bit here. And I tried scanning in the meter face and the functions on the meter that I used. And it just, it just didn't come out nice enough. So I, I went on the internet and I scanned and I got this and this is very, very close to my, my meter. So we'll use this and, and everything I say here will apply to my meter that I've got, I mean, the the, the letters may be a little bit different and the color scheme of the meter may be a little bit different but but the nuts and bolts here are the same.

So let's talk about this. Obviously we've got a function switch here. All right, and I mean, you just turned two function switch just like the dBm to where you want it. Alright, so let's, let's start here with and we're only going to talk about the voltage scale here. So let's talk about the voltage scale. Okay.

So basically, if you look at this meter, his mind says black scale voltage scale. And that's this, these scales here. Those are those scales there. And if you look, see these numbers in this example 630 and 150, that it that's represented by this little hash mark there for 20 and 100, is represented by this hash mark here. So this this opera scale and let me stop clarify this this slide. This upper scale here is my DC scale and that represents the three numbers.

Okay? Now your next question is where How do I you know, I've got three scales. How do I know what to use? Well, if you look at the meter here where it says DC volts, okay, I've got point five. That's point 2.5. Right there, even though I've got an arrow going through that 1050 to 50 and 1000.

Okay, those numbers represent full scale. So for instance, if I select 10, full scale, what what scale would I be reading I would be reading this scale here. The very top. Alright, so let's say I take my function switch and I select 10 right there. All right, I would use this scale right here, the 10. On the right, it will start from zero.

It'll go to 2468 and then 10. So I'm using those the very top set of numbers there, okay? Because over here, the 10 represent 10 volts full scale. So therefore, I'm using the 10 at the very end of that meter scale. All right, Alright, so now I want to measure voltage and let's look here. Very similar to what I have on my DVM is my common lead, I plug that into there, and my red meter lead, I plug it into this one.

Alright, so I just plugged my meter leads in. I take my meter probes, and I measure voltage. And now let's say my needle goes right there. What am I reading? I'm reading the top scale. I, this is four volts.

This is six volts DC, of course. All right, I'm right smack in the middle. So that voltage reading would be what? It would be five volts. All right. So now I know I've got whatever my that's a five volt source that I'm measuring.

Let's do another one. Okay, so let's look at this one here. I'm still on the 10 volt scale. All right, but this time when I go to measure my voltage, I measure right down there. So what am i measuring? Okay, so let's look at this because this is the finer measurement.

Okay, so if this is five and over here, we got six, six. How many small little hash marks Do I have between them? So let's look at this. We've got let's use this one over here. 112345. So I've got Five hash marks, let me let me stop and clear the slide off.

I've got five hash marks, one, two, next one is 234. And that one's five. So I tried to mark them but it's, it's hard because it's very fine. But if you count them from here to here, right from there, to here, you'll count five hash marks. Now, the ones in the middle are a lot lighter and a lot shorter, but they're five. So is each one worth each one is worth 20% Okay.

20% So 20% of the next value again, let me clear up the slide and explain what I mean by that. So this is five Right there, all right, because we're on the 10 volt scale and this is six. Okay, so to go from five to six, the differences one, so each one of these hash marks, which is five is 20% of one. Okay, so if I'm at point two or two hash marks, that's 40%, right? So I would be reading 5.4 volts. If it was three hash marks, I would be reading 5.6 volts.

Let's go through this again. Alright, so this is five The next hash is 20% of one. So it'd be 5.2. All right, the next one would be what? Right there, the second one over it would be 5.4. The next one would be 5.6.

All right, 5.8. And then the last one would be six. So each one of those hash marks right there, those small little hash marks is point two, or 20% of the value or the I should say the difference between the two numbers. So this would be five, this would be six. Let me Yeah, let me clear that. This would be Five, this would be six.

What's the difference the differences, one. So each one of those hash marks is 20% of one, which is point two. And that's how we got that. And that's what you have to do for each scale. All right, I'll do another one with you. But that's what you that's what you have to do for each scale.

Now, you can see that that's a little bit of a pain in the butt sometimes. And now you know why people went to DBMS digital volt meters because they didn't have to do that. Right. And that's one of the reasons to and I'm leading up to this. That's why we have this marriage scale, because looking at some of those small divisions, In my meter, if I looked at NSI, if I needed to get some precise measurements, if I looked at it from the side, I wouldn't get an exact measurement was called meter parallax. So they put a married scale.

So if you look straight on and you didn't see a reflection with the, the pointer here, then you knew you were looking on again, another advantage here for a DVM. All right, let's clear the slide and do let's do one or two more, okay. Okay, let's say I take my function selector and I select here, which is 50. So which scale would I use? I would use the middle one right there because I'm going from zero to 50. So now each one of these large hash marks is 10.

20 3040 And 50 obviously, it's volts because I'm on DC volts. All right. So now those large hash marks where I pointed corresponds to them that particular numbering scale. So what happens now again, if my I measure my voltage, I'm right here, what would that be? Well, what's the difference between 20 and 30? It's 10.

I'm right back smack in the middle. So that would be 25 volts, DC. That's what that would read. Okay. All right now, if you count the You would see from 20 to 30. I have 10 hash marks and we can count them.

Let's do that. Last time I do it. So we got 123 or 5678 910. All right now it's hard for me to correspond to that. But you can count them Stop, stop, stop the video if you want and, and count the number of hash marks, you'll see that they're 10. So for it again, if I'm right smack in the middle.

It's 25 volts. Now what happens if I'm right here? Yep, trying to get it right there. What happened? If I'm right there, well, that would be 28 volts DC, wouldn't it? All right?

28 Volts DC because each small hashmark. If I'm going from 20 to 30 is one, and I find eight. If I count eight hash marks over each hash mark is worth one. So therefore I've got 28 volts DC. That's the point I'm trying to make. All right, let's do let's talk about one more on this meter scale.

And then we're done and we'll go on. Okay, let's say I'm on the thousand I take my function switch and I put it on the thousand volts, the position what scale What I use, I would use the upper one here. And what would happen i'd everything would be multiplied by 100. All right, so therefore this would be two would be what? 200 400 600 800. And then obviously 10 would be 1000.

All right? Just to use this in the middle, this would be what? This would be 50. Obviously, volts DC. And if you remember, what would each one of those small hash marks be? Well, I'm going from 4044 to six rather, which would represent 400 to 600.

What's the difference between Differences 200. I've got 10 hash marks, divide that by 10. And each one would equal What? 10 volts, right? 10 volts. I'm sorry, each one would represent 20 volts.

I apologize. 20 volts. All right. So each one would represent 20 volts here. We'll do one. Let me clear the slide.

So let's say my meter is right there on that one there. Okay. So I'm on the thousand volts scale. So what do I have? Well, I know this is 200. I know this is 300 right there.

The next one would be four. But actually, what is it? It's two. Sorry, it's 300. Hundred and 60 volts DC. All right right there.

Because this the middle one, the very center is three right there, that's three. That's three. And then I go over three hash hash marks 20 4060 right there. So I'm reading 360 volts. All right. So we trashed mark is 20 volts, one of those small hash marks 20 volts DC.

Alrighty. Okay. Let me clear the slide off. And what would happen if I'm using even though we can't see it because I've got an hour, that's 2.5 volts, which scale would I use? I would actually use the 250 right there. Because then instead of multiplying, I divide by what 100.

I divide by 100. Because remember full scale, so 25 250 full scale divided by 100 equals 2.5. Okay, I'm on the 2.5 volt full scale right here. All right? So that would be 2.5 volts right there. This would be two volts.

This would be 1.5 volts. This would be one volt. This would be a half a volt and obviously this would be zero. What's in between? Well, this would be 2.5. volts, point five volts again point seven five volts, one volt 1.25 volts, one and a half volts 1.75 volts, two volts again 2.25 volts and at the very end 2.5 volts. Alright, so there we go there and what would each one of those hash marks be worth?

What do you think? Well, if I'm going from two to 2.5, so point two, five divided by five. So each hash mark right here is worth 0.05 volts. That's what each small hash mark is worth. And there again, that's the reason for the marriage scale. That is a very, very fine voltage and that's why they put the marriage scale so you could Get it right.

All right. And just real quick. If I'm on the point five volts scale, which one would I use? Right? I'd use this one here. 50.

And what would I What would I actually not multiply? What would I divide I divide by 100. Again, so I would divide by 100. Because 50 divided by 100 is point five, and we'd go through that. So that would be point 5.4. Point 3.2. point one and zero.

That's what each one would mean would be. And that's pretty much it. That's a pretty fine scale. I'll let you think about the in between hashmark see if you can figure that out. Um, anyways with that, with that said, We're pretty much finished here on measuring our an overview of an analog meter I made we're going to do when we do current I may do current just quickly with this and then maybe do resistance with this quickly. But that that said, I really, I really suggest that you get a DVM it.

I mean, especially if you're learning electronics. You know, it's nice to know put it back in mind. But, you know, you want to know how voltage divides how transistors work, how an audio amplifier works, and you know when you get that down, if you really want to then get an analog meter and knock yourself out anyways, have a good time, we'll laugh. This is going to end up this lecture, and we'll see on the next one which we'll be measuring Current but what I'm going to do here is I'm going to put a right after this, I'm going to put a follow along lab. Okay? Meaning, okay, we're going to have I mean, you're going to go out and have to buy a meter and some a few parts and then we'll get you a, if that's what you want to do, we'll get you going and trying to use a meter and measure voltage and start putting some type of of physical, physical attachment.

In other words, doing something instead of just bury Yeah, there we need theory. And anybody says that you don't need theory to learn our trunks is is is I don't agree with you need theory, but also you need, you need real world experience. So we're going to start with measuring voltage, and we'll build upon that at some point. If you stay with me. We're going to build an amplifier now. We're going to build a transistor amplifier.

And your it's going to work I know it is. Anyways, with that said, this is Al and we'll see in the next lecture