Well friends, lecture 21 is about process inputs and outputs. In this lecture, we will learn about key process input or output variables the supplier input process, output customer chart the sidewalk cause and effect diagram. I hope you remember these illustrations. It was used in the lecture too, for emphasizing the concept that y is the function of x, which is the gist of six sigma. We also learn using floats Start to identify the process inputs x and outputs, why Six Sigma practitioners use different names for output such as keeping process output variable critical to quality cdks etc. Similarly, inputs are also known as D process input variables Kp IV, critical to process cdp's etc.

Let us have pictorial depiction of input and output of processes Let's say we have some process and the process produces its outputs. Now, the VI or the CD Q's are the output parameters of the processes. And of course, we need inputs such as raw materials, components, machine men etc for producing the outputs, let us name them as x one, x two, x three and till x n etc. However, all these inputs may not be critical and we need to identify only critical inputs for solving the problem and these critical inputs are generally named as critical to processes or cdp's. And we should be careful to use the process knowledge of experts while selecting the cdp's. As we understood the variation in outputs are due to the variation in inputs.

Generally, the input as sources of variation could be machine with variation in making capacity is of induction. So, whistling conditions etc material with variation and measurement characteristics with different kind of raw material etc. operator can vary in their skill, knowledge, experience, health and mood etc. Similarly and why mint could vary with humidity and temperature methods could vary with different process parameters such as process Setting work instructions etc as we have learned to identify the inputs and outputs of process let us move further with creating of sidewalk chart sidewalk stands for supplier input process output customer chart. This is a high level process chart helps answer questions such as where does the process start and end? What are the major steps in the process?

What are the primary processes inputs and outputs who are the key customer or suppliers both internal and external. Let us understand the sidewalk chart with the help of a familiar example creating sidewalk or a pizza delivery process. Let us identify who are the suppliers pop is our shop, materials store planning department is the base supplier would you table supplier etc. Could you explain how planning and material store becomes suppliers? Well both are the example of Internal suppliers that we had discussed in the initial lectures. Now, what are the inputs?

These are base toppings Why do tables delivery boys delivery by information etc what are the processes? Right order order to cook assemble visa, big package delivery collect payment and what are the outputs? Tasty pizza as for the order Am I right now who are the customers, students executives etc Why do we create a Sai POC? Because it gives the team a clear boundary on where to work for the project what are the processes that need to be measured? What are the parameters that need to be identified all in one chart that enables the team to have a great focus on the project. Now once we have identified the input and outputs, it is important to document their relationship if it exists the two methods for documenting relationship, our relationship metrics, interrelationship metrics and cause and effect diagram.

This is also known as fishbone diagram. We have explained the first two in previous lectures, that is learn about cause and effect diagram now, cause and effect diagram was invented by Ishikawa we have discussed it in the second lecture. See a diagram is a good visual representation of all factors that might contribute to a particular problem. The causes could be logically classified As either using five M's, which stands for manpower, material, method, machine and measurements or we could use our own way according to the process knowledge in order to construct the cae diagram, let us take an example of a problem of low engine power of a vital step one is to clarify the effect or symptom or which causes to be identified. That is law engine power in this example, step to draw the middle line and place the effect at the right in a box as we see next step is to put the categories of major causes in a box and put down sub causes below to that and align the causes could be generated and grouped by a brainstorming session.

For instance, the major category of low engine power could be the engine itself. The sub causes or engine related low power effect could be fueled starving, that tuning, etc As Step four, ask why to each sub cause and add it to the sub line till we reach to a logical conclusion. For instance, why fuel starving? One of the reasons might be low pure level. Similarly, complete these steps for other main causes too. Here is a complete sea diagram for a different problem as poor gas mileage.

The cause and effect diagram is analyzed in a manner that we observe the end of sub arrows and assign them as probable root causes, then use other tools for further analysis and validation. That is all with this lecture. Let us move to the next lecture on drawing valid conclusions. Thank you