Welcome back. This next module discusses the sources functions and different types of advisors. The objective of this video will be to describe the function and source of antibiotics. Antibiotics are essentially chemicals that kill or at least deter the growth of biotics, which means bacteria. While we might think of antibiotics as only medicines or something produced by drug manufacturers, as we will discuss antibiotics are also produced by microorganisms as they seek to protect but retain their territory. In other words, antibiotics are chemical warfare agents used either by humans or yeasts and bacteria to kill off those bacteria who threatened survival.

Accordingly, antibiotic medicines manufactured by pharmaceutical companies may be produced in the laboratory or by microorganisms. Some are based upon antibiotics pretty Buy probiotics, and some are simply discovered by exhaustive testing by drug companies. Still a number of antibiotics are produced by yeast or bacteria cultured and manipulated in such a way that they mass produce about chemicals according to tight specifications. In this manner antibody production is extremely standardized. Examples of synthetic versions of antibiotics include the kina loans, the oxus linens, and the salon among the first antibiotic discovered penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. penicillin is produced by the fungi in the genus called penicillin. The concept of antibiotics was first discovered and even observed by ancient scientists, Louis paster and Robert Koch, first described how a back cell this bacterium can inhibit the growth of SOS interest is in 18 seconds.

One of the first commercial antibiotics produced was Tyra thrice and which is derived from the probiotic but Phyto bacteria and previous This was used for treating a variety of wounds through the Second World War. Since then, antibiotics became synonymous with medicine, being one of the primary foundations for the growth of today's pharmaceutical companies. Today's antibiotics are often blends or mixtures of different antibiotics. Just about any infection today will be treated with antibiotics often even if the root causes viral or fungal. According to the Centers for Disease Control. Nearly half of patients with upper respiratory tract infections in the US still receive antibiotics from their doctor.

Even though 90% of upper respiratory infections including children's infections, or viral meaning antibiotics will have no benefit. The CDC has estimated that at least 40% of the some 50 million prescriptions for antibiotics given Each year by physicians were inappropriate. According to the CDC, four out of five Americans are prescribed with at least one course of antibiotics each year. Today antibiotics are prescribed so widely in western countries that patients now request them. And studies show that patients who request antibiotics are more likely prescribed antibiotics by their doctor. Even more concerning is that in some countries such as India, antibiotics are sold over the counter.

Yes, in a country with one of the highest rates of infection due to poor sanitary conditions, anyone can walk into a direct store and buy antibiotics over the counter. And I biotics are also obtained easily within skin creams and wound bandages most everywhere. These types of antibiotics which include neosporin and polysporin, are now often ineffective against bacteria such as staphylococcus species due to the fact that bacteria have learned how to evade these antibiotics in about effects are given to animals and people with little second thought. antibiotic use has soared over the past few decades. Today over 3 million pounds appear antibiotics are taken by humans annually in the US and 25 million pounds of antibiotics are given to animals each year. antibiotic use globally is now rising even faster growing by more than a third in just the last 10 years, from about 65 billion units in 2000 to nearly 74 billion units in 2010.

In addition to this even more chemical antiseptics are being introduced for use around the world. Much of this is produced for hospitals. A common hospital antiseptic is clora exedy but there are many others including chlorine as a result of this gross misuse of antibiotics worldwide. The growth of multi drug resistant bacteria such as antibiotic resistance in cola and many others is expanding many of these multi drug resistant ecola infections are now coming from factory farmed animals due to the fact that animal farms are now using antibiotics profusely. The National antimicrobial resistance monitoring system reported in 2010 that more than 75% of meats from chicken and turkey were contaminated with ecola, a majority of which was resistant to multiple antibiotics. gnomes also reported that 59% of ground beef meat and 40% of meat products and pork were also infected with ecola again, with most been multiple antibiotic resistant.

These superbugs are causing 10s of thousands of deaths in the US each year. In 2013, researchers found that some 23,000 Americans die from superbug infections, and scientists reported that some 60,000 infants in India die from superbug infections. Researchers have found that the fastest growing superbugs and multi drug resistant e coli which cause a variety of intestinal In urinary tract infections, multidrug resistant klebsiella pneumoniae A, which caused ammonia blinding urinary tract infections. multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus, which cause wound and skin infections, blood infections and others. multidrug resistant streptococcus pneumoniae A, which causes pneumonia, meningitis, ear infections, and others, multi drug resistant salmonella which causes foodborne infections, bloodstream infections and intestinal infections and multi drug resistant Shigella species which caused dysentery. You can see from this diagram the difference between non resistant colony of bacteria any resistant colony as a single colony forming unit bacterium multiplies into a column should it meet with antibiotics the entire colony will die.

Should have bacterium become antibiotic resistant. as it expands into a colony will continue to thrive even when antibiotics. When a bacteria figures out how to become resistant to a particular antibiotic, it will typically pass this information on to its brothers in the same colon. And then two other bacteria and other colonies, and even different strains and species sometimes. As we can see from this diagram, bacteria utilize the transfer genes to classmates to pass on this knowledge from one to the other. As each receives the new DNA and then divides, antibiotic resistance grows exponentially.

Here's a scenario of a particular bacterium in this case mycobacterium tuberculosis, it becomes increasingly resistant. In this slide we see it is resistant to one or two antibiotics. The bacteria colony will be resistant to those particular antibiotics but will still be vulnerable to others for this reason doctors will escalate the treatment of antibiotics to tougher antibiotics when they're treating a patient with an antibiotic resistant infection. The question is When will the bacteria become resistant to all antibiotics some species are doing this Lisa research has found bacteria resistant to some 12 to 14 different antibiotics with fewer nothing remaining. Now we see that M tuberculosis is becoming resistant to more antibiotics. We see that even the second line drugs considered to go to drugs for strains that have become resistant, such as the situation now for many cases of tuberculosis around the world is infected people are transmitting increasingly resistant strains of end tuberculosis bacteria.

This slide illustrates how different antibiotics were differently. For example, rifampin inhibits the formation of RNA and for clean alones inhibit the enzyme gyrase which is an enzyme which coils DNA Antibiotics such as Caprio Meissen in Canada, Meissen will interfere with the formation of proteins within the bacteria, and still others such as isoniazid will mess with the cell wall. In this way, bacteria might become resistant to one of these, but still another antibiotic which works differently might still work. But as a particular strain of bacteria becomes stronger becoming a superbug, it is learned to evade all the different forms of static antibiotics. Of course, there are other ways to evade antibiotics such as the formation fixed cells process called encapsulation. While this is obviously a genetic development, encapsulation protects bacteria from the T cell mediated immunity response.

Examples of encapsulated bacteria species include haemophilus influenza streptococcus pneumoniae, and clip so in my most people don't realize is that bacteria also producing a virus If there's a difference between the antibiotics that bacteria produce any antibiotics produced by drug manufacturers, the antibiotics that bacteria produce will change with the circumstances to the species and colony they're facing as they defend their territory. We might call the type of antibiotics produced by bacteria is adaptable. While drug manufacturing antibiotics are static, the drug antibiotics don't change with the circumstances, they stay the same. That's why bacteria can form resistance to them. The Living bacteria will change your antibiotics to prevent resistance as they have been doing for millions of years before we started interfering with the process. One might compare it to the Mad spy versus spy comic from long ago.

In the comic, every time one would set up a strategy to ruin the other one the other spy counteract it. Another way to compare this is with human warfare. Hundreds of years ago humans battle with spears and swords. But eventually new weapons were invented and once one side got a new weapon, the other side figured out how to match or beat that weapon. This ongoing ingenuity is not limited to humans. Bacteria also have this and this is why they figured out how to counteract our static antibiotics.

Certainly, we may be able to develop more and more antibiotics to battle the antibiotic resistant strains. But if history lends any guidance, we're losing this battle. Bacteria work on another level. They're inside the situation so to speak, so they can respond sooner than we can to antibiotic resistance. We might respond to yours after finding one of Brian abox no longer works for bacteria utilize epigenetics to immediately respond to each other. Remember the pillows the filament that allows the bacteria to exchange genetic information with another bacteria.

This is not only how bacteria exchange information about how to resist antibiotics, It's also about how bacteria exchange information about how to produce antibiotics to kill off an invader that threatens their territory. biofilms are critical to our understanding of how bacteria colonies with a biofilm is a conglomeration of bacteria that utilize chemistry to group together and adhere to surfaces. We can recognize biofilms when we touch something that feels coated or slimy. Often a biofilm will feel slimy. Although it's not necessarily a slime as formed by moles. The biofilm is a layered process.

In the beginning a small colony might hear directly to a surface, but eventually as the colony grows, it will collectively produce layers of a polysaccharide matrix, which provides the glue for adhesion. This issue of adhesion is why it's important to wash our hands and brush our teeth. The process of brushing, whether it be from washing the hands or brushing, the teeth in itself will loosen up and disengage. Many biofilms, but this in itself does not complete the process. So for toothpaste in the case of brushing will provide an emulsifying agent that serves to dislodge and break down the biofilms that allow the bacteria to adhere to the hands and teeth respectively, but does hand washing really removed bacteria. A study done in 2008 showed that washing the hands without soap effectively left 23% of bacteria in the hands while washing with both soap and water left only 8% of the bacteria.

Here are the steps for good hand washing. First start with so in warm to hot water preferably hotter water will remove more bacteria than room temperature water. liquid soap is probably better than bar soap simply because it remains relatively bacteria free and also immediately starts working to emulsifying does break down biofilms due to its water content. Next, make sure you develop some ladder. This will provide a chemical process that breaks down biofilms. Now scrub for at least 20 seconds as you scrub wipe around the top and bottom of the hands in between the fingers.

Clean engine nails to the extent possible at least rub the nails against the palms to bring in some soap under the nails. Now rinsing hands real well, preferably with warm to hot water. Be aware the fact that you turned on the faucet with dirty hands, so either turn the water off with a towel or with a covered part of the body. The same goes with other parts of the bathroom or Washington as you leave. The doorknob of the bathroom will typically be thick with microorganisms as many simply do not wash as they utilized toilet. doorknobs In fact, are one of the biggest causes of infectious disease.

This is how we pass infections to each other. A person might cough or blow their nose and then walk out the door. How do they get out the door? By handling the doorknob. Can we walk through that same door and pick up those bacteria or viruses right onto our hands. Then what have many people do at some point, they'll put their hands to their mouth, pick their nose or put a pencil into their mouth.

In fact, One study found that a virus left on a doorknob was spread to up to 60% of a facility's visitors and workers within four hours. Nature produces numerous antibiotics and aesthetics as well. In fact, some of nature's antibiotics and antiseptics have been shown to inhibit numerous antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. herbs that have been shown in scientific research to inhibit some strains of antibiotic resistant bacteria include rosemary, garlic, ginger, goldenseal, and many others. A considerable part of this research comes from the essential oils and extracts produced from these plants. Some like garlic and goldenseal pictured here are also useful in their street powders.

Some of these herbs are also antiviral goldenseal for example, maintains antibiotics in anti viral abilities. A 2011. Studies show that goldenseal inhibited h1 and one influenza. Raw honey has also been shown to inhibit certain bacteria. Even some antibiotic resistant strains from staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and klebsiella famines, E. coli and others have also succumb to raw honey and lab studies. But oka honey is one of the more antibiotic honeys but other raw honey bees have also been shown to be both antibiotic and antiseptic.

For this reason, many traditional medicines have applied honey onto wounds to prevent infection nature provides a living form of antibiotics and antiseptics because living creatures are constantly competing with bacteria for survival