Okay, welcome to electronic basics part two. And let's go on here to our slide. And this is going to be our first circuit. So now we're going to start getting into our first circuit and explain some of the concepts. Hopefully we can start putting it together. So it makes a little sense at this point.

Okay, well, this is what I want to introduce battery action, right. The chemical action of the battery causes a shortage of electrons on the positive terminal, and a surplus of electrons on the negative terminal. current flow and that's battery action right here. current flow copper as a conductor as we had stated earlier, conductors has a has only one electron in the outer shell of the atom. It's called the valence of free electron. And I'm showing it here again.

So here is my copper atom. And here's my valence electron, electron. All right, we talked about this in the previous section. All right, I want to introduce the term battery here. Okay, as they say state right here. It's really not used properly.

A battery is two or more cells. An example which I give you here is is the an automobile battery right there. And if you open up your hood and you look at your battery, you're going to see six sections. Alright, we're kind of showing you here. If you look You see these, the top of the battery there with with the little X's or little units. All right, each one of those is a cell.

So if you if you look at them and you count them, you'll see that there's six of them. Well, since a car batteries usually 12 volts, each one of those cells is worth two volts. I put them together, I have a 12 volt battery. Alright, but if you go into I don't know, you go into a store to buy a battery. It's the battery I'll even though if you look at the labeling, and I show you here, it says Duracell. So the term battery really isn't used properly.

100% But that's just the way it is. Okay, that's just the way it is. The reason I do that or explain this, right it out is because of the schematic symbols. If you look at a schematic symbol, all right, a battery is represented with this graphical illustration. And a cell is represented with this graphical representation. Okay, we show the positive side of the battery with a little plus and that's usually the longer line.

Right? But properly the proper use of the word is a battery is defined as two or more cells. Enough said let's, let's go on. Alright, let's review this slide again. All right, as we stated a one or two slides back. Because of the chemical action of the battery.

There is an excess of electrons at the negative terminal. There is a deficiency of electrons At the positive terminal. Alright, so since I have a lot more electrons on the negative terminal, it has a negative polarity. Since I have a deficiency or a lot less electrons on the positive terminal it has a positive polarity. And what do the electrons want to do with the atoms in other words, when I say an excess of electrons, we have atoms that are on that uh, that reside at the negative terminal, the battery that have more electrons and protons. On the positive side of the battery, I have electrons with more protons and electrons.

So therefore, I have a positive charge. And what are the electrons want to do? Well, the electrons on that negative terminal of the battery, they want to get up to the positive terminal of the battery because they want to get the atoms to be balanced or equalized. Like I say here. But since nothing, we don't have a path for electron flow. That's not going to happen.

All right, let's, let's go on to the next slide. Okay, here's my first circuit. All right. And there's my battery right here. Beef a battery. And, okay, so I've got an excess of an excess of electrons on my negative terminal.

So let's just say I got a lot BBB lot. All right, that's good enough. Okay, on the positive terminal. I have a shortage. So I'm going to put some, even though we got a plus there, I'm going to put it on the plus. All right.

So what are these electrons want to do? Right here? What are they? What do they want to do? Well, they want to get up here. But if I have a switch, and this is a, this is a single pole, single throw, switch.

Okay, we'll get into that a little later why it's single pole single throw, it's not difficult. Well, I'll tell you now, where this switch here can only be can only be open a closed. So I'm showing in the open position. If I want when I go this way, I close it. And I complete the circuit because we're right here. So the switch can either be open to close, single pole, there's my pole.

Single throw means open or closed, open or close, which is right here with this action. Alright. So let me let me clear that off. And again, we're going to be doing we're going to be doing more into components as we go along. Okay, so we know that we've got many, many, many, many electrons down here and a shortage of electrons here. And we know that the electrons want to equalize or they want to balance the atoms.

All right, so now we have a lamp. All right, show the lamp here. And my lamp, all lamps have resistance. There's a filament in there. And this is what I'm showing you here with this line. There's a filament.

All right. So when I close the switch, right there I have completed the circuit. All right. We have copper copper. Right here. This is a copper conductor.

Alright, I show you a copper atom here and we talked about it previously. So what happens? I closed the switch. I have a surplus of electrons at the negative terminal of the battery, which which is right here, which I show you, is my positive. What are the electrons want to do? They want to equalize and balance the atoms in that battery, don't they?

But how do they get there? Well, the only way they can get there is is using my copper conductor as a transport mechanism. So if you remember what did we say? We said we have valance electrons. The outer shell of a copper atom. And we also said that it's also a free lunch a free electron means it can be easily liberated from a shell.

So, when these electrons from the battery try to get up here they get transported on the copper conductor. But as they're trying to get to the positive terminal of the battery, they start knocking the single valence electrons out of this shell Alright. So when when, when they leave the shell, these electrons may take the position of that valence electron and then the electrons will will will go or will travel to the next one. Adam, and the next Adam. All right, these minus, or these excess electrons will knock these electrons out of orbit on the copper atom, which causes electron flow as long as the battery has a good chemical action and keep the imbalance of more negative terminals here, I'm sorry more negative electrons there and a shortage of electrons up here, then that conduction is going to take place forever. And that's basically why a battery decays over time, because the chemical action of the battery can't, can't keep that balanced in the battery going.

And so for the the, because of the impurities of the metals and so forth on the battery It just decays and it doesn't work as nice nicely as it did when it was new. The battery doesn't work. So we can't move electrons in our circuit. All right. So that's how electrons are. That's how I get current flow.

Now, current flow in this case is made up of electron flows. Okay? So electron flow, as I'm showing you here, comes out of the negative terminal of the battery up through the lamp and down through the positive terminal, the battery over here. All right, obviously, we have to have the switch in the closed position to complete the circuit. All right, so what happens over here Well, I showed you here that that lamp has a filament. And what happens to that filament when electrons pass it, it glows.

Illuminates. Alright. So now this is basic salt basic alms law. Let me let me clear the slide. Okay, I've cleared the slide. And so let's let's give this battery voltage.

Let's say that this battery is 12 volts DC for direct current. Alright, and we know that we're talking electrons flow. And we know from the previous example that electrons flow out of the negative terminal of the battery here, we close the switch. We go up through the lamp, the lamp glows because of the filament and they want to get down into the negative positive terminal of the battery, because we want to balance the electrons or we want to equalize the circuit the electrons on the circuit. So, one of the characteristics of a filament in the lamp is when I, when I have electron flow flowing through the filament, it causes resistance. And let's say that when electrons flow through this lamp, we have a resistance of 12 ohms.

Alright, so our battery voltage is 12 volts DC, and the resistance is 12 ohms. Now, I didn't do a very good job, but right here is the Omega sign. All right, and I think I've got a slide where I show it to you very, very nicely. So we'll wait till we get there and we'll go over that. So I've got 12 volumes, that's the Omega sign. The battery voltage is 12 volts and I want to find the current I well with ohms law and this is ohms law, if I know two of the entities I can find the third.

So here are my equations right here all right I define each variable. So E is electromotive force a voltage, Rs resistance is current. So, what do we know we know voltage and we know resistance we want to find i. So, when we use this one here, we would use that that So, let's perform that alright so, we know that all Y equals E divided by R. And what did we give our battery voltage? Well, we've got E equals 12 volts DC. What's our resistance?

Well, I said to you on our lamp voltage when, when electrons are current flows through the filament, we gave it a resistance of what 12 ohms. So I then is going to equal 12 volts divided by 12 ohms. And that's going to be one amp. So going back to our original circuit, we have One amp of current flow going from the negative terminal of the battery up through the lamp through the switch down into the positive terminal. Obviously that switches gotta be closed. I have one amp of current.

Alright, let's do another one here. And let's squat let's keep 12 volts DC for the battery. And let's say we've got an eye and the circuit of two amps. And we need to get a new lamp or we want to buy some extra lamps. So we want to know what the filament resistance is. And if we're off we can't find it.

So can we find the filament resistance? Of course, we can use this one right here. Again, we're looking at ohms law. Okay, we're going to use the formula r equals E divided by AI. Well, we know it is equals what? 12 volts.

We know what i equals i equals two amps. Alright, so basically all we do is do the math. 12 volts divided by two amps. You equals six ohms. Let's go back to a circuit. So basically what we have is we have a 12 volt battery.

Okay, we have two amps of current flow, and we know current flows this way. All the switches got to be closed. This is my negative and my filament resistance is six ohms. That's the answer, again with ohms law. If I know two, I can find the third. All right.

All right, let's, let's clear the slide and do one more. Okay, so let's say we need to find the battery voltage, the battery that's in there. It's, it's worn out, we have no clue. All right, let's put our filament in there, but but we know that the lamp resistance is 24 ohms. And obviously, we got to have our switch closed. And we know that there is two amps of current flow as we measured that with a current meter.

And so what do we use here? Well, we use this one, E equals i times R, right? So let's go look at this little beauty. Okay, Let's wipe out the screen. So he Eagles i times are well we know why. What's i i equals two amps are equals what?

24 Ohms. So all we do is multiply that so two amps times 24 ohms equals 48 volts DC. So my battery voltage is 48 volts. That's it. I knew to I got the third. Okay, let's let's stop here I've got a little bit more I need to do one, actually current flow and whole flow but let's let's just stop here.

Stop this section. We'll pick it up on the next One, but let's let's review some of the earliest things that we did in this section. All right. The illustration shown is an electrical symbol of a battery. Is that true or false? All right, what's so what's, what's this symbol right here?

Is that a battery or not? Alright, let's go to the next one. And again, if you have to hit the pause button, then go for it, do it. Okay. The illustration shown is an electrical symbol of a battery is that true or false? And there is a battery, which is made up of four cells.

Each cell has a VDC of volts DC of 1.5 volts each. What is the total voltage of the battery Then we need to answer that. Okay. All right, let's, let's look at what what the answers are. And I'm sure they're next. Okay, let's go over the questions.

The illustration shown is an electrical symbol of a battery, that is false. Next question, the illustration shown is electrical symbol of a battery. That is true. And the very last question is there is a battery which is made up of four cells. Each cell has a VDC or voltage DC of 1.5 volts each. What is the total voltage of the battery, six volts.

We're going to get into it then into the next module, but they're in series ating and they add, so four times 1.5 volts DC is six volts DC. That's my battery voltage. Okay, we're going to move on to electronic basics part three. I'm going to finish up with the current flow. I've got one more thing to explain. We're gonna do some more examples over there.

And we're going to start wrapping things up. So thank you so much for staying with me this long. At the end of this course, I will be putting up a phone number and some other information. So if you need additional study material, or if you need to get ahold of me asked me some questions, etc. You'll have a way to do that. All right, thank you.

We'll see in part three