Okay, welcome to Al's electronic classroom. This is actually my first recording, and my first course so I so I welcome all to this. Basically, we're going to start out with a brief introduction to the history of electronics, and then we're going to get into some electronic basics. So let's start off here by going to the next slide. Okay, by taking this course, Introduction to basic electronics, you'll be on your way to creating a financial rewarding career in the high tech industry as as an electronic professional, and I certainly believe with this new tax cut that we have. I think you're going to see it grow.

I think you're going to see the jobs come back to the US. There's going to be a lot of Have a lot more production. And if they're producing electronic gadgets of some sorts, they're they're going to need engineers or technicians to support the product here in the US. So I think this is a real great, good time to get in this. I think we're at really at the bottom here. And I think the curb is going to start ramping up within the next six to nine months.

Okay, let's start. We're going to start with what I consider is the modern history of electronics. Again, this is just the synopsis. It's very shot. If you go to one of the searching engines and put in history of electronics, I mean, you'll get a lot more than what I'm showing you here. The only thing I'm trying to do here is give you a feel of what has transpired.

The last I would say 6080 years. All right, where are we started back then in the early 1900s, and where we are now, all right, I mean, in the actually, you could trace this all the way back to Benjamin Franklin, he did experimentation. with electricity, we're not going to go back that far. But like, again, if if you really want to get into it, just Google it, and you'll get a heck of a lot more information than what I give you here. Okay. And then after we give you this synopsis of history of electronics, we're going to move on to some electronic basics and some basic electronic fundamentals.

And then we'll start getting into the meat, meat of things. Again, this is a very basic course, on where we're actually building right now where we're starting to build the foundation. All right, and we're actually putting in actually, we're not even putting the brick in. We're mixing the cement for the brick. So this is what we're doing here. So at the end of the story, course you're going to get a feel for current flow resistance and to do some some very basic circuit calculations.

But it's not the end all you need to go on if you if this is for you, you need to go on and it will be rewarding. Okay, what one of the early pioneers was while emo Marconi and is there he is right here with the hat. Okay, that's his train transmitter transmitter there. And if you can see right there, that's, well, that's the lower part of the antenna. And Mr. Marconi was one of the first gentlemen to do a wireless transmission successfully. Across the Atlantic in 1901.

And if if you I mean okay, so you say so what? Well, what did that do? Well, hey, if a ship was in trouble, you know the SOS Alright. Okay. So they could broadcast longer distances. If a ship was in trouble, they could get help.

So this this, this technology increased the safety of maritime ships. All right, and it was the forerunner right now to our, our entertainment radio broadcast radio. All right, the next pioneer was john Ambrose Fleming and he invented the first vacuum tube. It was a diode. It was a vacuum tube diode Any diode even may be silicon, a vacuum tube allows current to flow in one way. So what this allowed us to do was it allowed us to detect radio transmissions and demodulate them.

All right now I don't expect you to understand that now. I'm just telling you why. All right. Ah, and his is very crude. But well by today's standard is very crude. Radio, I'm not sure if that's both a transmitter or receiver when I was researching this, it didn't say it.

But if you can look here, those are the vacuum tubes. right and right now today that probably would fit. We could probably put that in a postage stamp. All right, obviously, we'd have To hang some speaker off of it would make it a little bit larger. But there it is there. All right.

So that was back in 1904. All right. And back then. Let's say you had a very one of the very early am radios of the time. Okay to listen to an am radio, or they didn't even call it a major It was a radio transmission. All right, and am actually was the first one.

That's why they call it ancient modulation. Alright, they never they didn't have am FM and duplex and all that it was just an am radio. They actually had to use headphones or a crude type of headphone to listen to the broadcast. All right. And then we could amplify it and you'll see that In the next slide, they john Fleming's vacuum tube was a diode, a vacuum tube diode and it consisted of two elements. Now this gentleman here Leave the forest.

Well, he added a third element there. And the instead of being a diode which had two elements, it was a three element vacuum tube, they called it a Triaud. And that third element was called the grid and the grid allowed the amplification of electronic signals. And that That in itself was was a breakthrough because on the previous slide when we talked about Fleming I mentioned specifically I purposely mentioned that if you wanted to listen to one of his transmission on on his device, you would need a headphone, some type of crude headphones. Obviously, that was only one person. So one person would put the headphones on and they would listen to the transmission.

But with with the advent or the development of the Triaud, which was a three element vacuum tube, we could amplify the signal. So what did that do for us? It allowed us to use something called a speaker. And now, instead of one person listening to the transmission, we could have a group of people or a family of people sitting down in the evening, listening to transmissions. This was the very beginning of probably modern entertainment via the radio. All right, we talked about vacuum tubes.

And in this slide, we're going to talk about transistors now, vacuum tubes were big, they generated heat plus, we had to have something called filament voltage for them. Back then the filament voltage for for for tube was around six or 12 volts. But Bell Labs came up with what they called a bipolar junction transistor made out of a material called germanium. And this they were very, very small. I mean, compared to a tube, they were, in some respects one 10th of one 100 of the size of the tube. And we're showing you some variations of them right down here.

All right, I mean, this wrote this This one right here is a power transistor. And down here this one may this one may be a signal transistor. So we go from some very small signal transistors up to different levels. Each one of these were a little bit bigger, smaller, they had different characteristics. They could dissipate more energy and then maybe the smaller ones, they had different amplifying characteristics. And that's pretty much it what I'm gonna say right now, but with the advent of the transistor, and I think they, they had a press release around 1951.

But now again, I'm showing my age again back in the late 50s and early 60s. I mean, it was the transistor radio craze in the US. I mean, everybody had these, these small radios They were probably a little bit bigger than then a deck of playing cards. And I mean people would buy them and you would go on the store and, oh, this is a six transistor radio or this is an eight transistor radio. And some of them if you took them apart, they took the transistor, they plugged it into the circuit board. They sorted it and the transistor didn't do anything.

It just was soldered into the circuit board. It had no connections. The three leads were shorted out but it it had it had one more transistor. So back then this was a crazy train, I call it the transistor radio craze, but not taking it away from anything that the transistor what was a really great development at great step forward. Well, we went from the vacuum tube. Then we went to the transistor And the next leap forward was the integrated circuit or IC.

And that was developed by a company that's still around today called Texas instrument right there. And I guess I never met him and I didn't really know too too much about him. But I guess jack St. Clair Kilby was the American electrical engineer that took part in helping to develop this. I'm not sure if it was only him. It was a group when I researched this. I didn't see it.

But Texas instrument was the company behind it. So basically, what what what did we do well, vacuum tube was big and bulky. It generated a lot of heat. Okay, then we had advances with the vacuum tube. We went from a element. And we showed you a three element before there.

And then basically even though we didn't go in, there was four element and five element tubes. We'll again, we'll leave it at that. And then we came out with the transistor. Okay, transistors were smaller. We didn't have, we had a heat problem, but it wasn't severe as the vacuum tube. And then we came out the next advance like I'm showing you here, we came out with the integrated circuit, the IC.

And what did the IC do for us? Well, we could put more transistors in a smaller space. And I'm showing you here is an IC now. All right, and basically I think that's got 1616 pins, okay, there's there's eight on this side right there and eight on the other side. But if I could flip open this chip, I would see a little small whoops, let's get that out of there. Let's see if I can do it with with my pointer, a little small wafer inside that chip.

And I attached to that wafer could be 30 4050 100 transistors at the beginning integrated circuit, integrated trance transistors and electronic components in a very small area. But again, look at what happens now we've got why I mentioned those pins on this is yes, we've got A very small wafer. If I could flip open that chip, there would be a very small wafer in here. But there were very, very small conductors, or very, very fine wire that internally would connect to each one of these pins. All right, so can you imagine, can you imagine how small how small that that conductor would be? It's probably thinner than a hair on someone's head.

And it made connections for the most part. And again, I'm not going to get into details Maybe yes, maybe no, maybe it only went to four in some designs. It only went to 14 pins. In some designs, it only went to 12 and summit went to all 16 I you know, that's, you know, that's a different deal. But it it hooked. Every almost every pin, they were small, they jam so much electronic circuitry in such a small space.

It was a giant, giant step forward, a giant step forward. All right. This is how we are getting to our electronic devices today. Look at our smartphones. Okay, the reason we have our smartphones, and you're going to see in the next couple of slides, but the reason we have our smartphones or devices like our smartphones is because of integrated circuit integrated technologies. And you'll see in the next two slides, we can apply or put more electronic circuitry in a smaller space.

So therefore, the functionality gets greater Alright, you'll see what I mean. Let's, let's go on to the next slide though. Okay, as I, as I said earlier, we'll see how the, the advent of integrated circuit circuits has evolved up to our point here. And this is what I mean. Okay, back that that that integrated circuit that I showed you in the slide the previous slide, that was small scale integration. Right.

And if you look, that was the very beginning. That was the first one we could have up to 100 electronic components per chip. Right. All right, that that in that very small area was probably, oh, it was less than a quarter of an inch square. It was probably an eighth of an inch square. So I could put up to 100 electronic components alright.

Then as as they develop more in the late 60s right here they we developed what was called MSI medium scale integration. And what does that mean? That meant we can stuff more stuff more components in the same area. And let's see what we could do here. Oh look at this 102 to 3000 components in a chip. So now back in the in the early 60s, we could we could do up to 100.

And then we advanced back in the late late 60s and we could put between as what it says here 100 to three Thousand chips. All right. Well think about what that does. Okay. You say, Okay, I'll let. Yeah, that's great.

But think about what it does. All right, think about the advantages of that. Well, I only have one chip. All right. So therefore, I only have to worry about heat from one physical component instead of 100 or 300. So it may made cooling of the device, if they maybe not existed, depending on the application that we're using it so that that was one of it.

The other thing is the labor cost instead of having someone sitting there where I've got to solder or assemble 100 300 200 1000 components on an electronic circuit board okay. I can actually have one chip that can have multi functions. So it actually helped in labor. It was a labor saver. Now think about that. Do you see the cost to some of the smartphones today?

Yeah, I know apples pretty expensive. But look at look at look at when they are one or two or three years old. I mean, you can get a smartphone. Very, very reasonable. All right. That's because with the smartphones, if you open it up, you'll see one or two components and the effect circuits in there and I'm I don't want to get in there.

But the reason we have tablets, smartphones, great flat screen TVs and a lot of other great electronic gadgets is the development of these technologies, SSI and MSI. So as we go along, okay, We we develop this technology. And as we go up again we have large scale integration. And then we LSI very large scale integration. But look at this point on the on the slide. Okay, it says, a large scale integration, as well as V SLI in the 70s 80s with 10s thousands of transistors on a single chip, and then parentheses later, thousands, millions and billions.

Wow. All right. We're showing an an illustration one here and one there. Okay. If you were to take apart a personal computer, let's say in the, I'm going to say around the 80s, you would see chips like that on the screen. system board.

Today, if you take one apart, you would see something similar to that on on the circuit board via LSI. Alright, this is why our, again, our laptops, our desktop computers are very, very powerful. You may see many, well not many, maybe three, four or five, depending on the model of the computer, have these chips, you'll even start seeing these now. But right now, if you open up again a computer a system board for a, a computer, you will see probably see something like this in there. Okay, may not be that manufacturer. But the footprint meaning the way the chip looks would be what what we have here.

All right. Again, that's, again, more components. We have more More power, computing power, more functions, we can do more. And since we have, think about it, if we have a billion transistors, and I'll use this as an example, in a small area, do we really have to worry about heat? What would happen if we had a billion vacuum tubes? I mean, think about I mean, if we could, I mean, number one, think how big that building would have to be.

Think about the amount of power that we would have a voltage and current and all that good stuff just to power that and look at the cooling issue we would have. Now we've got it. We've got it on one, single chip right there. And right here, wow, we've come a long way. All right on this slide, just showing you the difference. Okay.

To computer in the 60s and then we had a PC or computer in the 70s. Look at the difference. We don't even I'm not even showing you one that's up to date you have one, you're probably using it now. Look at how big and clunky this guy is plus we we had a heat problem. I mean there is the magnetic media that's similar right there. The magnetic tape is, is basically right now we are well I don't even want to say floppy disk I can say harddrive optical drive cloud drive.

That was where we stored information. And then over here we have the Vic 20, which was somewhat of a popular computer in the 70s. Here I want to show you the graphics look at the graphics on that screen. That was considered great. I mean great graphics in here. was a storage that was actually like a little bit of a cassette tape in there.

So, I mean, the Advent, we keep taking, taking leaps and bounds. All right. Now before I go, I want to I just want to mention one thing. You know, the United States went to the moon in 1969. We had the lunar module, there was a computer on the lunar module, it was a Guidance Computer. And it was used to land the lunar module on the moon.

Obviously, Luna man walked, okay, the amount of RAM that was on that computer was 256 K. All right, not 256 meg, not 256 gigabytes 256 k RAM, and k equals approximately 1000. All right, so 256,000 bytes of memory. All right, everything was not as bad. The graphics weren't as nice as they were today or anything. But I just wanted to leave you with that. And, again, we've come a long way.

Look what we have today, look at our flat screen TVs, our cell phones, our tablets, our computers, our very small cameras that we have now. I mean, you could think of think of many, many things. And that is because of the miniaturization of electronics. All right, well, we've we've covered what I want to cover on on. As I consider modern history of electronics. Why don't we see if we can answer some of these questions.

And if you need to hit the pause button, go back review. All right. Let's look at the first one who was the name of the electronic pioneer. That was was the first to have the first successful communications across the ocean was that one john Fleming? Two will emo Marconi three lead a forest of four Dwight D. Eisenhower. So again, hit the pause button if you need if you need the time.

Next one which electronic pioneer invented the evacuated glass bulb containing two electrodes and a heated filament and a plate. Okay, was that john Fleming? Will emo Marconi, lead a forest or Harry Truman. Again, if you need more time, hit the pause button. Okay, let's look at this one. Which manufacturing technology provides the fabrication process so that 100 to 3000 electronic components can be inserted into an integrated circuit.

Was that called SSI MSI, the LSI r IC. Again, if you need time, hit the pause button. And here are the questions. Okay, number one was gleam. Oh Marconi. Number two was john Fleming and the third one was MSI medium scale integration.

Okay, you've seen this slide before, if you need to get ahold of me, there's my phone number, email through tablet wise. Again, I will not respond to block numbers. I may try to limit the conversation in hand to 15 minutes and I may ask you to continue Support for an issue using email. Okay, this second part here is, is when we start getting into some electronic basis as it says here, we'll look at current flow, do some basic circuit calculations. And then we'll wrap it up. Alright, see you in the next side.