Okay, welcome back to Al's electronic classroom. We're going to start the second part of this course called electronic basics. So on on the next slide here, I wanted to find some concepts. Okay, the first concept that we're going to define is current right here. The amount of flow of electrons in electronic circuit current voltage. The electrical pressure created by a battery, chemical action on the battery or a generator by the magnetic action of the generator, voltage, electrical pressure.

Resistance. Resistance is the opposition of electron flow. And the last one is colome is the measure of potential charge of current flow. We will dig into that a little bit later not on this course. In this particular course, we're just going to look at the first three, current voltage and resistance. Now you may Okay, so just I just define them, that's all.

You may not completely understand that but as we go along, we're going to build upon this. So current, the amount of flow of electrons and electronic circuit voltage, the electrical pressure and resistance, the opposition of electron flow. Okay, we're going to talk about current flow here. We're going to look at this a little bit closer if you remember that was the first bullet of the previous slide. So current flow is the amount have electrons that flow into a conductor. second bullet, atoms are made up of electrons and protons.

Electrons have a negative charge. Protons have a positive charge, like charges repel and dislike charges are tracked. Let's go on to the next slide. Okay, we're showing you an atom here. And if you remember from physics, everything is made up of atoms, right? And atoms are made up of protons and electrons.

So in this particular atom, we have a proton right here and electron in In one of its shells are the only shell in this one orbiting the proton. Alright, as I stated before protons has a positive charge, electrons have a negative charge. This atom is imbalanced because it has one electron and one proton. All right? By the way, this is a replica of a hydrogen atom. All right?

What I want want to point out though, is the atom is in balance, because I have one electron and one proton, okay? It's very difficult to break that electron from its orbit plus it's very, very close to the proton. There's actually no additional protons Any other orbit so this is only one and it's very close to the proton. Alright, let's go on to the next slide. Okay, in this slide here, we're showing an atom. Alright.

And this one happens to be an atom from from copper. In other words copper is made up of this of these atoms. All right? Now look at, look at what's going on here. Okay, we've got 29 protons. And if you want to count them, we've got depth 29 electrons, so this this atom is in balance.

Okay, as we stayed up here is copper has 29 electrons in four shells. But look at this electron right here. It's a single electron in the very outermost shell of a copper atom. All right, it's not tightly bound. We call this a single valance electron, or a, some places, I've seen it called the free electron. All right, so this electron can be easily liberated into the conduction band.

This makes copper, a good conductor of electricity. All right, because of that one, single valance of electron, that's why this guy here is a good conductor of electricity. Whereas on the previous slide, let's just go back there. The previous slide. This electron he had, even though it's one it's very, very close to the proton, so the proton is exerting a lot, a lot of pressure to hang on to that electron, where if we go back to our copper atom. All right, he's got since we've got 29 electrons in four shells, there are actually 28 electrons in the first three shells of that.

And it's a little bit difficult for the protons which are in the center of the atom, basically to hang on to that electron. Alright. Let's stop here. Okay, on this slide where we're looking at a silver atom. Now silver is also a good conductor of electricity. Actually, it's a bit better than copper.

Alright, however, silver has a higher price in copper. That's why you see more copper conductors I I mean, the, the internal wiring in your home or your apartment is is is is a is a copper conductor. But if if we need something if we're working something that's specialized and we need a better conductor, then we go to silver. Alright, because silver is a better conductor. And the reason it's a better conductor is because of this and this is, this is the point that I wanted to show you. All right, right there.

All right. Again, we have 47 electrons in five shells will if you remember, copper, add 29 electrons in four shells. Alright, so now we have more electrons. But my valance electron in copper is one shell farther away from the center of the atom right here. Hi And therefore, because of that, it is easier to liberate that valance electron in a copper atom than it is, I'm sorry, it is easier to liberate the valence electron in a silver atom than it is in a copper atom, right? They're both very good conductors.

They are bought again, they are both very good conductors. But silver is a bit better, but a bit more costly. But for for every day usages in the electronic industry, copper, copper is absolutely fine. All right. Okay. Let's, let's stop here and go on to the next slide.

Okay to wrap that up on this slide, okay conductors are metals, metals have a valence electron in the outer shell. All right. They were also you may Some people say free electrons in the outer shell also. But examples of conductors copper, silver and gold. Alright, let's go on to the next slide. And conductors allow the flow of electrons very, very easily, where insulators are just the opposite, right?

If you look at the wiring inside your home or if you go to one of the electronic stores, you buy some wiring, electronic wiring copper, solid stranded whatever. Okay, you're going to see that there's insulated material or a jacket over that. And some examples of insulators, a glass rubber of wood. And what the deal here with insulators is on the outer shell. They have between five to eight electrons in that outer shell. So the deal here with me insulators is that it's very, very difficult if if not impossible to get electrons flow because there are many electrons in the outer shell.

They tell us five date. And it's very difficult to break them away. So therefore, when we have a conductor, if we're handling the conductor, we want to have an insulator around the conductor, so we don't get a shot. Now, you may not know what what a shot is at this point, but as we go on, we'll, you'll see, alright, let's stop here. All right. Let's take up a little bit of time here and, and answer some questions.

All right, so take the time answer the questions answers at the end of the session. And if you need to hit the pause button to go back and review Please do. Alright, copper is good conductor is the above statement true or false. insulators have valence electrons in the outer shell, true or false. insulators have between five to eight electrons in the outer shell. True or false?

Here are the answers. Copper is a good conductor the above statement is true. insulators have valence electrons in the outer shell. That is false. insulators have between five to eight electrons in the air To shell, their answer is true. All right, well, this concludes this section.

Okay, let's continue on and I'll see you in electronic basics part two. Thank you.