Hi, and welcome back. Here in lecture three, you will get acquainted with the spine. In general you can discriminate three parts of the spine, the cervical spine, the thoracic spine, and the lumbar spine or the neck, the chest and the lower back. In total, we have 24 vertebrae, seven cervical vertebrae, 12, thoracic ones, and five in the lower back. Let's start at the cervical spine. Here, you see the rear end of the head, the occiput it makes a joint with the first cervical vertebra c one to give this joint a proper name we call the occiput c zero, and the joint c zero c one all joints are synovial joint See one, the Atlas is around vertebra without a body and without a spinal process, which all other vertebrae do have.

It is a very broad vertebra, and its transverse processes can be felt just below the large mandibular knops. Behind these on the upper articulate surfaces, the occiput wrists, and in doing so, the C one vertebra is carrying the head. shih tzu is next, also a special variation of the vertebrae. It has an upward pointing x called the dense This is the x for the rotation of C one and off the oxy put. C two is therefore called the axis All vertebrae connect to their neighbor vertebra above and their neighbor vertebra below. They do so with our left and right transfers process.

This is a bony part, which has an upper articular surface for the above lying vertebra, and an inferior articular surface for the underlying vertebra. These joints are called facets. So every vertebra has four facets, all four are synovial joints. When you take a good look at the spine, you will see that besides the facets, they are also connected by means of a disk, or discus, which is between the bodies of the vertebrae c zero c one and C one c two are not connected by a disk only by their facets, and the names of C two of course as you see here, each vertebra has a body except for C one as I said earlier and an open space. The vertebral foramen, where the spinal cord comes through all parama together, make the tunnel for the spinal cord. it descends from the brain.

And after that the individual nerves step out at different levels to connect with muscles. For instance, each vertebra except see one also has a spinal process pointing backwards. You can feel them underneath your skin and you will remember them from your childhood when doing the role on a hard surface. Back to the cervical vertebrae the discs between the vertebral bodies are formed like a bowl rather than a flat slice of a cylinder. This comes with the upward ring at the outside of the cervical vertebra bodies. The uncle vertebral reaches Now you arrive at the thoracic spine starting with T one, the first thoracic vertebra.

This is at the same time the vertebra that connects with an extra bone, the first rib. So T one connects with the first rib, T two with a second rib, and so forth. Each rib connects with a vertebral corpus, and just a little further to the side with a transverse process. So when you start counting, you will notice that each thoracic vertebra has eight little synovial joints, to upper facets to lower facets, two joints for attaching the left rib and two joints for attaching the right grip. Now we will continue with a five lumbar vertebrae. These are massive vertebrae because they need to carry the body weight.

They have much more height than the other vertebrae. Although they have a different shape, they still have a corpus, a foramen transversal processes and a spinal process as well as four facets. We now arrive at the sacrum down here. This bone is a fusion of five vertebrae that during evolution have become one bone. It still has exits, where spinal nerves are getting out to make their way into the leg. But there is no movement between the sacral vertebra anymore.

At the side, the sacrum connects with the alien the SI joint sacred iliac joint The large kidney formed cartilage articulate surfaces leave little room for movement. However, down below, we still have a very small bone, the caulk six bone. This is a rudimentary of the tail that we used to have a long time ago. When we take a closer look at the position and form of the full spine, we see an extension in the cervical vertebrae called a lordosis followed by a flex thoracic spine called kyphosis and another lordosis in the lumbar spine. This bending is normal. When you look at the spine from a posterior view, it should have no significant curves other than due to being left or right handed, leading to a natural, small publicness.

If you see significant curves from a posterior view, they are called scoliosis. Well, you have completed all three lectures of section one of anatomy basics. That means that you know quite some details about the bones of the body. Now that you know how to explore the bones, you are fully prepared to look for more details or information by yourself. You can figure out about the ligaments and all variations of synovial joints. Section two of this course will continue with the muscles of the arm.

So I hope to see you soon