In this video, I'll talk about the second ingredient, which is coherence and cohesion. So first, let's start with some basic information. According to the band descriptors, if you want to get a band seven or higher, this is what you need to do. Firstly, you need to logically organize your information and ideas with a clear structure. So we've already discussed the structure in the previous section, where we talked about the task achievement, but I wanted to mention it again over here so that you can see that a good structure is also part of the cohesion because it allows your essay to naturally flow from one paragraph to the next. Next, you need to connect your sentences and your paragraphs together with cohesive devices.

Cohesive devices include words like however, moreover, furthermore, therefore etc. So to sum it up, cohesive devices are basically just words and phrases that link your ideas together and make your essay flow smoothly. It is this kind of flow to your writing that makes you sound fluent. Essentially, cohesive devices act as the glue that stick your sentences and your paragraphs to each other. Now let's see how the different cohesive devices work together in a paragraph. So here's an example.

And all the words that are highlighted in the pink color are your cohesive devices. I want you to also notice that we have some relative clauses over here, and also some conjunctions. Some of them are subordinating conjunctions, whereas others are coordinating conjunctions. So take note that relative pronouns and conjunctions also act as cohesive devices because they glue your sentences together. Now, although relative pronouns and conjunctions act as cohesive devices, we're not going to be discussing these in this section. Instead, we're going to discuss the relative pronouns and the conjunctions in our grammar section, which is the next section.

Now let's take a look at some examples of these cohesive devices. We can use cohesive devices for many different purposes. So let's go over some of the different uses. Firstly, you have the overview. When you're trying to give an overview on certain data, then you can use any of the words that are listed here. These words and phrases are also used to introduce basic information about the infographic.

Next, we have opening So when you're opening your sentence or opening a new paragraph, you can use any of the words and phrases listed here. Next we have sequence. We often see sequence in process diagrams, where you have a number of steps and stages described in a certain order. So when you're describing the different steps or stages of a process, you can use the words and phrases listed in this column. Next, we have addition. A lot of times, you will need to add more information in your paragraph.

Usually, we use these words and phrases when starting a new sentence to add extra information. Next, we have comparison. A lot of times you will need to compare the two different data sets, especially when it comes to comparative graphs. So you can use the words and phrases listed here. Next, we have contrast. This is similar to comparison.

You may need to compare and create Trust the data between two different types of infographics or data sets. Next, we have cause and effect. We use this when we want to express that something happened as a result of something else. You may need to use these cause and effect words and phrases when describing process diagrams. Next we have emphasis. Sometimes you may see striking differences in a graph or a chart or you may see interesting changes or turning points.

There may be certain data points, which you want to emphasize. In this case, you can use these words and phrases listed here. Next, we have illustration, illustration is used if you want to illustrate something. You can use these words and phrases here to give examples and illustrate different data. Next, we have qualification qualification is something that we use when we're adding a condition to a sentence. So to add a condition, we use words like although, unless except, you'll see more examples of this when I do the practice questions in the recipe section of this course.

Next we have reference. So you may need to reference back to some information which have already mentioned, so that you don't have to repeat the same information again and again. In this case, you can use these words and phrases here. Next, we have clarification. Sometimes, you may want to clarify what you mean so that your meaning is clear to the reader. In this case, you can use the words and phrases listed here.

Here are some more words and phrases that describe the different durations of time. This is going to be especially helpful to you when you're describing trend graphs. This is because in a trend graph, you have to describe a period of time. So this means that when you have a graph or a chart, in your data, there's going to be a beginning, a middle, and an end. So for example, if you want to describe the beginning of a certain data set, you can use phrases like in the first half of the year, or at the start of the period, and so on. If you're describing a certain duration, then you can say something like over the period covered by the graph, or if you have a range of dates, you can say something like from the year 1990 to 2000.

Or you can say something like, between the years 1990 and 2000, and so on, you get the idea. And here are the phrases that you can use to describe the end of a data set or the end of a process. So now let's talk about paragraphing. There are two main parts to paragraphing. The first part is how to organize and arrange your paragraphs. We've already talked about that.

So I won't be mentioning that again. The other part of paragraphing is the format of your paragraphs. So essentially, you have two options when it comes to the format of your paragraph. The first option is that you can indent each paragraph. Or the second option is that you can skip a line when you start a new paragraph. So let's look at examples.

Here's the first option where you can indent the paragraph. This means that every time you start a new paragraph, you should leave some space before you write the first word in a new paragraph. So since we have two paragraphs here, we leave some space here at the beginning of the first paragraph, and we'll leave Some space here at the beginning of the second paragraph. These are called indent, and this is your first option. Your second option is to skip a line. So on the isles answer sheet, you're going to have lines on which you're going to write your answer.

All you need to do is that when one paragraph ends, you need to skip a line before starting the next paragraph. So that means that between any two given paragraphs, there must be a line which you skip. So feel free to choose any of these two options that work for you. Just make sure that you don't mix the two formats. All right, do not mix them. And also make sure that you don't change them midway.

Just choose one format and stick to it. So that's it for this video. In the next section, we'll go over the third ingredient. We'll be talking about grammatical range and accuracy.